图片来源:medicalxpress.com
2015年10月22日 讯 /生物谷BIOON/ –近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Science上的研究论文中,来自MIT和哈佛大学的研究人员利用两种互补的分析方法首次在人类基因组中鉴别出了对人类细胞系和培养的人类细胞的生存和增殖都非常关键且必要的基因,相关研究或可帮助科学家们寻找多种癌症中的药物靶向性的遗传缺陷。
文章中,研究者利用CRISPR基因编辑系统开发出了一种由单链引导的RNAs(sgRNAs)组成的全基因组文库,来筛选并且鉴别细胞维持活力必备的基因,sgRNA可以有针对性地靶向作用超过1.8万个基因,其中有将近10%的基因都被证明是非常必要的。Tim Wang表示,这项研究是首次报道人类细胞的重要基因。
许多必要的基因都参与了机体基本的生物学过程,包括DNA复制、RNA转录及信使RNA的翻译等,目前有大约300个必要的基因还没有进行特征描述,这些基因大部分位于细胞核中,而且其和RNA的处理直接相关。为了验证CRISPR系统筛选的结果,研究者随后在特殊的单倍体人类细胞系中对必要的基因进行了筛查,研究者在单倍体细胞中利用基因诱捕诱变技术,同时同CRISPR技术进行了丢彼,结果发现,基因组中明显连续的折叠是非常必要的。
随后研究者在两种癌症:慢性髓性白血病(CML)和伯基特淋巴瘤中检测了这些方法的可靠性,这种新型方法不仅可以鉴别出CML中已知的重要基因,即BCR和ABL1基因,而且还可以帮助找到其它可以作为治疗性靶点的附加基因。最后研究者表示,在高度复杂的人类机体系统中精细地寻找必要且重要的基因或许可以帮助我们理解包括癌症等疾病的发病根源,同时也为开发新型疗法提供希望;相关研究由NIH等机构提供资助。(基因宝jiyinbao.com)
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Identification and characterization of essential genes in the human genome
Tim Wang1,2,3,4, Kıvanç Birsoy1,2,3,4,*, Nicholas W. Hughes3, Kevin M. Krupczak2,3,4, Yorick Post2,3,4, Jenny J. Wei1,2, Eric S. Lander1,3,5,†,‡, David M. Sabatini1,2,3,4,6,†,‡
Large-scale genetic analysis of lethal phenotypes has elucidated the molecular underpinnings of many biological processes. Using the bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, we constructed a genome-wide single-guide RNA (sgRNA) library to screen for genes required for proliferation and survival in a human cancer cell line. Our screen revealed the set of cell-essential genes, which was validated by an orthogonal gene-trap-based screen and comparison with yeast gene knockouts. This set is enriched for genes that encode components of fundamental pathways, are expressed at high levels, and contain few inactivating polymorphisms in the human population. We also uncovered a large group of uncharacterized genes involved in RNA processing, a number of whose products localize to the nucleolus. Lastly, screens in additional cell lines showed a high degree of overlap in gene essentiality, but also revealed differences specific to each cell line and cancer type that reflect the developmental origin, oncogenic drivers, paralogous gene expression pattern, and chromosomal structure of each line. These results demonstrate the power of CRISPR-based screens and suggest a general strategy for identifying liabilities in cancer cells..